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As in many other subspecialties, neurosurgeons are moving toward less invasive surgical procedures, requiring smaller surgical openings and less stress on surrounding tissues. Endoscopic tools allow a surgeon to visualize areas deep inside the skull and to manipulate tiny surgical instruments to cut, grasp and sample tissue from hard to reach areas. The most common uses of endoscopic techniques in neurosurgery are biopsies of suspected tumors in hard-to-reach locations and endoscopic third ventriculostomies, in which the surgeon opens a passage for cerebrospinal fluid to escape from the third ventricle.
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